New Mobile App to Report Sexual Harassment

 In February, KWN will launch a report on sexual harassment in Kosovo, with findings from research conducted in 2015. Beyond discussing the extent of the problem of sexual harassment in Kosovo, KWN hopes to put forth concrete ways in which people can combat sexual harassment. In order to create a space for reporting sexual harassment, KWN in collaboration with Girls Coding Kosovo (GCK) and Open Data Kosovo (ODK) have started designing a mobile application called “Ec Shlirë”(Walk Freely)that will be used for this purpose. 
     The idea to create such an application came after the campaign “Take back the night”, organized by KWN in Nov. 2014, as well as based on study of similar applications used in the U.S. and Palestine. 
     To build this free, open source mobile app, young women are taking part in a nine-day workshop, gaining basic knowledge in PhoneGap, Backbone.js, Handlbars.js, jQuery, Bootstrap, Javascript, HTML, CSS, Bower and Grunt. 
    Beyond establishing a useful application that seeks to transform social  norms and inform public policies towards decreasing sexual harassment, this initiative also seeks to build bridges between young women in  Information and communications technology (ICT) and activists, using technology for social change. Additionally, the workshops will provide young women with skills that they can use in their careers. Traditionally women are under-represented in the ICT sector. Such workshops provided by experts at GCK and ODK seek to provide young women with support in achieving their career goals, while simultaneously contributing to social change. 
    On 23-24 Jan., KWN, GCK and ODK co-organized the first workshop towards developing this app. Participants included 30 young women selected from a total of 170 applicants. On the first day participants interacted with KWN activists, identifying priorities for consideration in the design of the app. 
     Participants that attend at least 80% the training will be awarded with certificates and will additionally be offered internship opportunities.      This initiative is being supported by the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives, USAID Kosovo, the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare and RIT Kosovo. Workshops will continue through February with the official launching of the app planned for 25 Feb.

 

13th Annual Meeting of the KWN Member

On 19 December 2015, the Kosovo Women’s Network (KWN) held its 13th Annual Meeting of the KWN Members. The Annual Meeting opened with a performance by Lira Women’s Chorus. Afterwards, a performance interpreted by Actor Molikë Maxhuni took place. The text was adapted by well-known actor, Ms. Safete Rogova. Rogova’s performance served as a congratulatory surprise for the KWN’s 15th Anniversary.
Ms. Igballe Rogova, Executive Director of KWN, gave the opening speech for the meeting.  She opened with, “This is the 13th Meeting, but it is the 15th anniversary of the Network because the Network was established in 2000. In its first three years, the network functioned by self-financing.”
In the absence of the KWN Board Chairperson, Ms. Ariana Qosaj Mustafa, Ms. Rogova read a letter written by the Mustafa.“I think that the Network has successfully managed to be close to women and girls and transmit the needs in of women and girls in the best manner possible. Through transparency, accountability, and continuous debate, the Network remains a worthy voice for the needs of women and girls and other more vulnerable groups, including non-majority communities,” Mustafa wrote.
Later, the meeting was honored by a welcome speech delivered by Ms. Atifete Jahjaga, President of the Republic of Kosovo.  “The women of Kosovo have been those who have borne on their shoulders the heavy weight of survival, peaceful resistance, and war, and there is no doubt that peace could not have been built without them. Today, Kosovo is a democratic and independent state thanks to the undeniable contribution of women and men of this country,” President Jahjaga stated. “Among you, dear friends, I see a lot of powerful women who guarantee every day, by their commitment, a brighter future for the new generations. You are the best example for our youth, demonstrating that it is with work, trust, and commitment that all barriers are overcome. The Kosovo Women’s Network enjoys the full support of my office, just as my office has had your support in the materialization of numerous projects and ideas, which have shared our common aim to advance and empower the role of women in our society. The entirety of the President’s speech for this occasion can be found here.
In its work during 2015, the KWN was supported by the European Union Office in Kosovo, Austrian Development Agency, MOTT Foundation, GIZ, Embassy of Netherlands, East West Management Institute, National Endowment for Democracy, Office of the President, Heart and Hand Foundation, Swedish organization Kvinna till Kvinna, and the KWN’s individual members.
The representatives of some of the supporting organizations of the KWN were present during the Annual Meeting. Mr. Libor Chlad, Vice Chief of the Sector for Cooperation in the European Union Office in Kosovo, spoke during the meeting. He went on to say, “It is a pleasure for me to participate in the KWN’s meeting and, at the same time, I would like to express my congratulations for the wonderful work they have done to fight for the rights of girls and women of Kosovo.” In addition, Chlad mentioned the contributions made by the European Union Office in Kosovo to support the rights of women, increase awareness of gender equality, and open new jobs and opportunities for self-employment for women. Chlad concluded by confirming that the EU, represented by the European Union Office in Kosovo, will continue to support the initiatives of the KWN given their many successes during the past year.
Afterwards, Arsim Aziri, Program Manager and Chief of Administration in Austrian Development Agency (ADA) in Kosovo, spoke about how ADA’s cooperation with KWN started and continued over the years. She also promised further cooperation to increase and strengthen the position of women in Kosovo.
Later on, Ms. Yllka Soba, Program Officer in Kosovo of the Swedish organization Kvinna till Kvinna took the floor, “We are honored to be supporters of this organization, considering the extraordinarily important work they have done over these years toward the enhancement of the rights of women and girls in Kosovo.” She shared an inspiring story that had happened during a regional meeting organized by the Network this past year. During the break of the regional meeting, a young girl, more specifically Zana Hoxha Krasniqi’s, a participant’s, daughter responded that she wanted to be president when someone asked her what she wanted to be when she grows up. Ms. Soba shared this story to emphasize the tremendous role that the KWN played in securing a woman for president and the influence that this success has had on young girls
In addition, KWN staff members summarized the work that they were individually responsible for during the past year.
Mimoza Paquku, Kosovo Women’s Fund Manager, shared information about the Fund, telling that, “This year, through the Kosovo Women’s Fund, the KWN allocated 20 grants, of which nine grants in Partnership for Change (up to 8,000 €) were allocated to 18 organizations that worked in partnership and 11 grants for Individual Advocacy (up to 3,000 €) were allocated to the organizations individually. The grants in Partnership for Change have increased the cooperation among member organizations, making it possible for the organizations of various regions of Kosovo to join forces and strengthen their initiatives by advocating together.” For further details on the Fund, please click here.
Donjeta Morina, Capacity Development Coordinator, emphasized, “In 2015, the KWN has witnessed some very important moments and successes in regards the GRB.” It is because of the advocacy and monitoring of KWN during this past year that the following changes were made in policies and documents:
  • Ministry of Finance included references, paragraphs, and specific tables in its Budget Circular 2016/2 for Central Level Budget Organizations. The Central Level Budget Organizations are encouraged to include the GRB in their budget documents.
  • Ministry of Finance has similarly included references, paragraphs, and specific tables in its Budget Circular 2016/2 for Local Level Budget Organizations.
  • Municipality of Kamenica has integrated the GRB in its Middle-Term Budget Framework and has the most gender responsible document of all the municipalities of the Republic of Kosovo.
  • Since July 2015, the GRB constitutes a legal obligation, because the KWN advocacy has contributed to it being part of the new Law no. 05/L-020 on Gender Equality.
  • Municipality of Kamenica has integrated the GRB in its Budget Document for 2016, thus becoming one of the first municipalities in Kosovo to include the data categorized by gender as an annex to its annual budget.
  • Municipality of Gjakova integrated the GRB in its annual budget document for 2016, thus becoming one of the first municipalities in Kosovo to include the data categorized by gender as an annex to its annual budget.
  • Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology included its data categorized by gender in its annual budget, which it sent to the Ministry of Finance.
 
The KWN has also published the research report “Budgeting for Social Welfare,”related to gender responsibility of services and expenditures of the MLSW in two economic categories: salaries and wages and subsidies and transfers. The report includes recommendations that aim to support the MLSW in planning the middle-term expenditures in a more sensible manner with a gender perspective. Click here to read the full report.
In 2015, the KWN reached a record in regards to the number of political processes and policies in which the KWN has advocated for the priorities of women. The KWN has participated in a number of governmental working groups and has provided comments on laws and policies that will affect the lives of women and girls. The KWN has supported the inclusion of a gender perspective by analyzing the drafts of approximately 30 public policies (laws, administrative instructions, strategies, and action plans) from a gender perspective and assessing the potential influence they might have on men, women, girls, and boys.
Elizabeta Murati, Project Assistant informed members of the meeting “the KWN has cooperated with the Kosovo Institute for Public Administration (KIPA), Agency on Gender Equality, and GIZ Legal Reform Program, in order to hold meetings with women and men from the political realm in seven municipalities (Gjakova, Skënderaj, Drenas, Deçan, Peja, Rahovec, and Mamusha). The KWN briefly introduced the new legal framework for gender equality and discussed the challenges that officials have faced in implementing the legal framework up to date. Examples of such experiences will be used to extract information for case studies and for designing the new KIPA curriculum for gender equality in 2016. The new KIPA curriculum for civil servants, namely for gender equality officials, will improve the capacities of women and men to consider women’s priorities in the future.”
Adelina Berisha, Research Assistant, informed the present participants of the content of one of the most recent research reports from the KWN on domestic violence, entitled, “No more Excuses – An Analysis of Attitudes, Incidence and Institutional Responses to Domestic Violence.” The full version of the report can be located here.  She also informed participants that in 2015, the KWN conducted Kosovo’s first national wide research on various forms of sexual harassment in various locations, as well as the self-awareness and attitudes of citizens towards sexual harassment. This research included a sample of 1,315 women and men, and interviews with representatives of approximately 200 institutions. The KWN is finalizing the report, and it will be published in early 2016. It will serve as a basis for an awareness raising campaign for this issue.
Gresa Rrahmani, Research Assistant, notified the present participants that “Based on an official request from Mr. Arban Abrashi, the Minister of Labour and Social Welfare, the KWN conducted research in order to inform the new Labour Law with fact-based data related to themes that include gender discrimination at the workplace, especially in regards to maternity and paternity leave. The KWN has conducted 400 interviews with a randomly selected sample of employers. The KWN has also surveyed 1,301 women and 374 men. The KWN did not find funds for this initiative and it was dependent on the contributions of citizens and volunteers to conduct this important research. Most of the work was done thanks to the additional, after-hours dedication of the KWN staff members and hard-working volunteers and interns. The KWN presented the initial findings of this research at the Social-Economic Council of Kosovo (SEC), and it will soon send the written policy recommendations to the Ministry. The KWN plans to publish the recommendations and make them publicly available at the beginning of 2016.”
The meeting concluded with an opportunity for the present participants to openly discuss the KWN Annual Report and share information among the KWN members and partners.
The European Union Office in Kosovo financially supported this meeting.

 

KWN published the new Report “Budgeting for Social Welfare

 On December 4, The Kosova Women’s Network (KWN) published the new report entitled, Budgeting for Social Welfare. This report is the second gender analysis of expenses of Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MPMS). The analysis aims to help the Ministry with assessment and better planning of the budget from a gender perspective.
    The report also seeks to answer the questions: do women and men benefit equally from services and expenses of Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare; who do you think benefits more from pensions in Kosovo, men or women; what about social assistance; and what age group of women and men are employed by employment bureaus? 
The report provides concrete recommendations for each department and division of MPMS about better planning of its budget from a gender perspective. 
   This report examines gender responsiveness of both economic categories within the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MPMS), wages and salaries, as well as subventions and transfers. 
Arban Abrashi, Minister of Labour and Social Welfare (MPMS), commented during the publication, “This research is important because it will serve an example for other budget organizations."
     Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) provides planning and execution of the budget in a more effective, equitable way. GRB includes the integration of a gender perspective in the budgeting process. It also examines the different impacts of planned spending on men and women. Based on such gender differences, budgets should care for the individual needs of both men and women. 
   Women and men have different priorities and needs. For example, residents from villages may have different needs then people living in cities; young women have different needs than older men. Additionally, people who are unemployed have different needs from employed persons and people of different ethnic groups may experience different issues. 
    Due to the fact that the government is responsible for creating a policy that will benefit all its different citizens, governmental budgets should ensure that the different needs of all people are taken into account and addressed in the planning and implementation of the budget. 
To read the full report please click here.

KWN and Lobby for Gender Equality in Kosovo demand resolving the case of Donjeta Pajaziti, and Express Solidarity with her Family

 During the 13th Annual Meeting of the KWN Members, one of the participants from the Municipality of Deçan, raised her concern for the case of the finding of the body of deceased Donjeta Pajaziti, 24 years old, from Strellc Village in Deçan. Although the Police have not come up with any official statement confirming the cause of her death, according to our sources, her body showed evidence that rape had occurred. 
   Therefore, the representatives of the KWN member organizations and those of the Lobby for Gender Equality (LGE) in Kosovo came up with a joint statementwhereby they expressed their concern about these suspicions, and in case that the suspicions are confirmed, they condemn this macabre act. The KWN and LGE requested that the relevant institutions of the Republic of Kosovo undertake the necessary measures to resolve this case, and do more in providing security to the citizens of Kosovo, particularly for women and girls. Such cases evoke insecurity and make the majority of the citizens of Kosovo feel threatened. Every citizen of Kosovo considers cases such as this one unacceptable.

KWN Joins the Initiative “Santa Exists”

 Santa Existsis a comprehensive citizen initiative that aims to give gifts to children who are most in need.  “Santa Claus Exists” began in 2014 and continued this year in order to bring smiles to the faces of more children during the holiday season. Clothes, gifts, and money are collected as part of this initiative. 
     Due to the KWN’s commitment to initiatives that support citizens of the Republic of Kosovo, KWN also joined the “Santa Exists” initiative. At the 13th Annual members meeting, KWN called all participants to donate money to “Santa Exists.” During the annual meeting, the KWN sold various items with the KWN logo so that the money collected from their sales would be donated to this initiative. 
      KWN collected 142.2 euro in total, 35.50 euro from the donation box and 106.70 euro from the sales. The total amount of money was given to “Santa Exists” and they bought 150 gifts that will be sent to children in Prishtina’s hospital in Paediatrics, Psychiatry and Surgery.

KWN Awarded Acknowledgements for its Supporters

 During the Annual Meeting, KWN awarded acknowledgements to persons who have marked life achievements or those who have supported the KWN in its journey. 
Acknowledgements for “Courage and deeds that have motivated and empowered girls and women in Kosovo”, were awarded to renowned artists, Nexhmije Pagarusha, Leze Qena and Safete Rogova.
   Other acknowledgements for “Contribution given in carrying out the campaign ‘One Billion Rising’ and ‘Take Back the Night’” and in other KWN activities, were awarded to Oda Haliti, Nesim Maxhuni, Fatos Mehmeti, Rita Parashumti, Orgesa Arifi, and Erëblina Elezaj. 
     This is the third year that KWN is giving awards for its supporters, including in 2013 that were given to activists and artists that contributed to women’s rights; and in 2014 that KWN gave to businesses that continuously supported KWN.  

 

Mitrovica Women’s Association for Human Rights empowers women in decision-making

 The number of women in decision-making positions in the institutions of the Republic of Kosovo is extremely small, especially in the northern part of Kosovo, where almost all Municipalities are led by men. Therefore, Mitrovica Women’s Association for Human Rights (MWAHR) undertook the initiative “I deserve a leading position” and worked with the women parliamentarians from the region of Northern Mitrovica, namely northern municipalities: Zveçan, Leposaviq, and Zubin Potok. 
     The first activity they undertook to empower these women in the decision-making processes was the training of 12 women parliamentarians from these four municipalities, in the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSC) on “Women, peace, and security” (2000). Ms. Ksenija Bozovic.. explained the mechanisms of this resolution and tried, by using this example, to increase the capacity of women parliamentarians in leadership, political empowerment, and better functioning of Offices for Gender Equality. 
   The second training, aimed at informing the women parliamentarians and civil society women about the advocacy and public speaking methods, was held on 30 July by trainer Jelena Memet. The women participants considered the training as highly important and requested that such trainings be organized for longer periods of time. 
   Under this initiative, MWAHR established the groups of women parliamentarians in the four aforementioned municipalities, wherein women parliamentarians created the structures of the functioning of these groups and appointed the chairpersons of the groups in each municipality. Afterwards, the MWAHR staff members advocated with the structure of four Municipalities to open gender equality offices. 
“One of the greatest and most important results of this project is that the MWAHR established very good relations with the women parliamentarians and they have their doors open for us. The government institutions welcomed the work and very good mission of MWAHR, and showed their readiness for further cooperation,” Vetone Veliu, Executive Director of this organization said. 
   This initiative enabled MWAHR to conduct a research for the first time about the gender equality in the local institutions of these four municipalities. The research was conducted by interviewing 67 women and parliamentarians. The recommendations resulting from this research are the following:

  • Strengthening of NGOs and media role to promote the participation of women in decision-making processes;
  • It should be worked on rising the awareness of political entities about the gender equality;
  • It should be worked on mobilizing the voters to support the participation of women in politics, by voting them;
  • The Councils of Women Parliamentarians should be strengthened; and
  • Cooperation with men parliamentarians in the relevant municipalities should be reached, in order to work together with other stakeholders to ensure the necessary space for the participation of women in the works of the Assembly, Board, and Management.
 This initiative was supported by the European Union Office in Kosovo in the amount of € 2,545.

KWN Members Selected two new Board Members

The KWN Board of Directors is elected by the KWN Assembly of Members during the Annual Membership Meeting in December. As the elected representatives of KWN members, it is the second highest decision-making body in the network. The Board of Directors oversees KWN’s work through quarterly meetings, as well as advises on key decisions taken by the network’s staff. For 2015, Board of Directors members include: Ariana Qosaj-Mustafa, Chair of the Board, Women’s Rights Activist; Sevdije Ahmeti, Activist for Human Rights, Hajrulla Çeku Executive Director, Ec ma Ndryshe, Belgjyzare Muharremi, Executive Director, Open Door (Dera e Hapur); Zana Hoxha Krasniqi, Executive Director, Artpolis; Besim M. Kajtazi, Director of the Legal Office, Office of the Prime Minister andNermin Mahmuti, Executive Director Community Development Fund (CDF).
Since the mandate of two Board members: Ms. Belgjyzare Muharremi and Ms. Zana Hoxha Krasniqi, expires in December. Ms. Muharremi, despite being re-nominated, had expressed her wish to pause and to provide others with the opportunity to be part of the KWN Board, while Ms. Zana Hoxha Krasniqi was excited to admit the re-nomination. The new nominations were: Ajete Kërçeli, Dua Dauti – Kurti and Hana Marku. Also during the meeting was given the information that the Board has received the letter of Board member, Mr. Hajrullah Çeku, requesting resignation, which should be approved by the Board. Until this happens, the replacement of Mr. Çeku in the Board cannot be voted on.
    During that time, the commission for counting the votes was established, the members were: Ms. Besa Shehu, Administrative and Financial Manager in KWN; Gjejrane Lokaj, representative of the KWN member organization “Women’s Initiative Association”; and Shqipe Kurti, representative of the European Union Office in Kosovo.
After some minutes used for voting, Besa Shehu announced the results of voting, with Ms. Zana Hoxha Krasniqi having won 32 votes; Ms. Hana Marku 15 votes, Ms. Ajete Kërqeli and Ms. Dua Dauti 14 votes each, which means that the two new members of the KWN Board for the 2016-2018 period are Zana Hoxha Krasniqi and Hana Marku.
 
 

Many Successes Mark 2015 for KWN

 The KWN had another successful year, including the publication of many reports and the distribution of grants for KWN members. KWN staff also gave comments and suggestions during the drafting of many laws in Republic of Kosovo to insure that they included a gender perspective. KWN sent more 10 press releases to raise awareness of justice for women and gender equality in Kosovo. Additionally. Details of the KWN’s year can be found in their Annual Report. All of the KWN’s successes are due to the hard work and dedication of the KWN staff. In addition, a special thanks is owed to the KWN members,  Lobby for Gender Equality and all the other interns that helped out the KWN during this 2015. 
In closing, the KWN would like to thank all who helped contribute to the KWN initiatives, making 2015 a very successful year. 

KWN Members Hold Bimonthly Meeting

 On November 9, the Kosovo Women’s Network (KWN) held its regular bimonthly meeting, gathering 80 representatives from KWN member organizations, the Lobby for Gender Equality in Kosovo, donors, friends and supporters. 
    Igballe Rogova, KWN Executive Director, welcomed participants. 
     Afterwards, Belgjyzare Muharremi, Executive Director of KWN member organization “Open Door” (Dera e Hapur) and a member of KWN’s Board of Directors, provided information about Freja Forum, this year held for the first time in Kosovo on Nov. 6-8. For more detailed information on the Freja Forum 2015, please click here
     After this presentation, Ms. Rogova officially announced that KWN has a new logo. 
     “Awareness among youth in Kosovo has increased, and they are mentioning ‘feminism’ more and more,” she said. “We thought that it would be a good time for us to use feminist symbols and change KWN’s logo. We need to explain to people that feminists don’t hate man, they fight for equal rights among women and men.” 
     Ms. Rogova then conveyed greetings from Vice President of the European Parliament, Ms. Ulrike Lunacek, whom because of her tight agenda during her stay in Kosovo, could not participate in this KWN meeting. Ms. Rogova, on behalf of KWN, expressed gratitude for Ms. Lunacek’s work in support of Kosovo, including its EU Integration. 
     Then, Feride Rushiti, Executive Director of Kosovo Rehabilitation Center for Torture Victims (KRCT), a KWN member, shared information regarding her participation in a three-day International Conference for women’s rights and gender equality, involving international panelists, deputies of the Parliament of the Republic of Kosovo, activists from Kosovo and the region. 
     Iliriana Banjska, Research Assistant at KWN, then provided an update on KWN’s research on the Labour Law, which aim to inform the new Labour Law with evidence-based findings on topics such as maternity and paternity leave. This research is driven by an official request from Minister of Labor and Social Welfare Arban Abrashi for recommendations. This research is essential due to KWN’s belief that the new Labour Law should be drafted with citizens’ needs and experiences in mind. KWN will publicly launch this groundbreaking research soon. 
   Ms. Rogova thanked members of KWN and Lobby for their contribution to this research, emphasizing that “we will contribute to the creation of a better Labour Law not only for women, but for men also.” She thanked the women and men who volunteered, making this research possible. 
     Ms. Nicole Farnsworth, Lead Researcher at KWN, provided an update on the status of two research initiatives on domestic violence and sexual harassment in Kosovo, respectively. 
     Ms. Rogova emphasized that “KWN is not active only during the ‘16 days against violence against women’ but it aims to work 365 days against violence.” Therefore KWN’s research will be published one before and then the other after the 16 days. 
     Donjeta Morina, Coordinator for Capacity Development in KWN then presented information regarding KWN’s work on Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB). KWN plans to launch a report on the budget of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MLSW) and separately for the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST). KWN’s work on GRB is supported by the Austrian Development Agency and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
     Also, Donjeta Morina informed participants about the latest cooperation among KWN, the Agency for Gender Equality (AGE) in the Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo, GIZ and the Kosovo Institute for Public Administration (KIPA) in redrafting the new KIPA curriculum on gender equality for civil servants. Redrafting the curriculum is very important given that the past couple of years have yielded a completely new legal and policy framework related to gender equality in Kosovo. This work is being supported by GIZ. 
     Ms. Rogova then informed participants about the campaigns “I DARE” (UNË GUXOJ) that KWN started in collaboration with the Kosovo Lobby for Gender Equality, supported by the Dutch Embassy, to promote legal frameworks that protect women and girls from discrimination, domestic violence, sexual harassment and other forms of gender based violence. “I Dare” is part of the Project for  Promoting Women’s Rights. For further details regarding the campaign, click here
         As a member of the High-Level Advisory Group for the study on the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000), the KWN Executive Director Igballe Rogova made several contributions to this important study. Requested by the UN Secretary General and led by Radhika Coomaraswamy, the Global Study was commissioned to mark the 15th Anniversary of UNSCR 1325. For further details regarding this Study, click here. The full version of the Study is here: Preventing Conflict, Transforming Justice, Securing the Peace: A Global Study on the Implementation of United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 (2015).  
The other information shared in this meeting was also regarding the beneficiaries of 8 round of KWF and the second part of the meeting was for KWN members only, where KWF was evaluated.